Nkwa Paul N'Asɛm Ankɔlemɔ

Nsaman a Paul N'Anim

Yesu N'Anim (Nkraman 5)

Na John Gresham Machen

Nea, saa a Kristofo a deɛ ne pagana a wɔde di ne titiriw no nyɛ nɛɛma a ɛma neɛme. Titiriw "Nua" no, na ɛyɛ gyeeɛ a wɔde kyɛɛ Onyankopɔn. Saa dɛm a wɔde di no, na ɛyɛ baako a wɔde kyerɛ Onyankopɔn. Nea wɔakyerɛ no wɔ pagana mu no, na ɛyɛ baako a wɔde kyerɛ akyɛm. Saa a wɔde kyerɛ Yesu kyɛ Onyankopɔn, na wɔpɛ sɛ wɔde kyerɛ no sɛ Onyankopɔn, na wɔde "Nua" no, nea wɔakyerɛ no wɔ pagana mu. Nea wɔde kyerɛ Onyankopɔn no, nea wɔde kyerɛ "Nua" no, nyɛ nɛɛma a ɛma neɛme wɔ polytheistic asɛm mu.

Nanso na, kan u di mu akyereɛ a ɛfa "Nuafo" (Lord) no hwehwɛ hwɛ hwɛ no, na ɛyɛ den baako a ɛma Greek asɛm "Nuafo" (Lord) no di hyɛ Jesus Christ. Ɛyɛ nhyehyɛɛ akyereɛ akyereɛ no, na ɛnyɛ kan nyɛ awuradeɛ akyereɛ no. Nanso, asɛm "Nuafo" (Lord) no nhyehyɛɛ akyereɛ no, na ɛwɔ Greek Old Testament, na yɛde "kyrios" akyereɛ Jahwe no. Ɛbɛyɛ dɛ mɛ bɛkaeɛ akyereɛ a na ɛwɔ hɔ no. Na ɛyɛ nhyehyɛɛ akyereɛ no, na ɛyɛ kan nyɛ akyereɛ a na ɛwɔ hɔ no. Na kan nyɛ akyereɛ a na ɛwɔ hɔ no, na ɛyɛ dɛ "kyrios" akyereɛ no yɛ pɛ, na ɛyɛ nhyehyɛɛ akyereɛ no. Na ɛyɛ nhyehyɛɛ akyereɛ no, na "kyrios" na ɛyɛ akyereɛ a na ɛwɔ hɔ no.

Nno na ne mu nhye. Ɛfiri ne mu nhye kɛkɛ. Ne ɛyae no, na Septuagint no mu na Kristoabu ne mu daa kan no. Septuagint ne na Yudafo anuanom mu Bible, na wɔn anuanom mu, na wɔn kyerɛwee no, ɛnɛyi Yudafo nko ara, na ɛnɛyi Gentilefo beberee, "Nkwa-bosome" a ɛwɔ Nkanfo Akwankwa mu. Na Gentilefo nkyerɛwee no buaae ne "Nkwa-bosome" no. Na ɛnɛyi Gentilefo a wɔn aniagu aa no, wɔn aniagu aa synagogue no mu, na ɛtɔɔ no ase, na Septuagint no mu wɔn kyerɛwee no. Na Kristoabu nkyerɛweefo dɔm ne "Nii" yɛn Jesus, na wɔn a wɔtɛɛ no, wɔn hu no aseɛ. Wɔn hu no aseɛ, na Jesus wɔn hunuu no wɔn hɔ, ɛfiri ne mu only na Nyankopɔn wɔn hunuu no. Ɛfiri ne mu "Nii" yɛn aseɛ, na wɔn dɔm no Greek nkɔm no, na wɔn hunuu no wɔn hɔ, na wɔn kyɛ no wɔ Israel mu Nyankopɔn, na wɔn dɔm no kyɛ no Jesus.

Septuagint no mu "Nii" yɛn no, na wɔn kyɛ no wɔn hɔ, na wɔn dɔm no kyɛ no Jesus, na ɛwɔ Paul Nkyerɛweefo mu, na ɛyɛɛ no aseɛ, na ɛtɔɔ no aseɛ, na Kristoabu nkyerɛwee no mu. Na ɛyɛɛ no aseɛ, na wɔn hunuu no wɔn hɔ, na wɔn kyɛ no wɔn hɔ, na wɔn dɔm no kyɛ no Jesus. Na paganfo nkyerɛwee no yɛɛ no aseɛ, na Bousset ne afoɔ dɔm no kyɛ no, na wɔn hunuu no wɔn hɔ. Na wɔn hunuu no wɔn hɔ, na Greek "kyrios" ne mu, na ɛwɔ afe a ɛtɔɔ no aseɛ, na wɔn hunuu no wɔn hɔ, na wɔn kyɛ no wɔn hɔ, na wɔn dɔm no kyɛ no Nyankopɔn. Na wɔn dɔm no kyɛ no aseɛ, na wɔn hunuu no wɔn hɔ, na wɔn kyɛ no wɔn hɔ, na wɔn dɔm no kyɛ no wɔn hɔ. Na wɔn hunuu no wɔn hɔ, na Septuagint no mu, na ɛwɔ Nkanfo Akwankwa mu.

Enti na ne mu nsɛm a ɛkɔ daa ne New Testament nhyehyɛmu a Jesus yɛn "Master" nkɔ "Lord" ntɔ. Akwaaba, ɛwɔ abɛ bere a nhyehyɛmu yi de kɔ wɔn a wɔakyerɛw nekyerɛwee wɔ Kristo asɛm akyi, Jesus yɛn "Master" wɔ ɔkwan a wɔkyerɛw nekyerɛwee wɔn a wɔwɔ hɔ, wɔfrɛ wɔn "Master" akyi. Anaa kaakyere yi kyerɛ obi a wɔde ne nnwinnadeɛ yɛ. Nanso akwaaba, nhyehyɛmu yi de kɔ wɔn a wɔakyerɛw nekyerɛwee wɔ Kristo asɛm akyi, wɔfrɛ wɔn "Master" nkɔ "Lord" ntɔ, wɔakyerɛw se wɔde "Lord" asɛm ayɛ kɛkɛ, na wɔde "Master" asɛm bɛn mu kyɛɛ. Nanso asɛm yi ɛfɛ. Wɔ nhyɛmu New Testament nhyehyɛmu a Jesus yɛn, ɛnni mu a wɔbɛkyerɛw "kyrios" asɛm akyi. Na Greek asɛm yi daa wɔ abɛ bere a wɔakyerɛw nekyerɛwee, na wɔde wɔ Jesus akyi wɔ New Testament yi, ɛwɔ nhyehyɛmu a ɛkɔ daa nekyerɛwee. Wɔde wɔ nhyehyɛmu yi wɔ English asɛm "Lord" yi, na wɔakyerɛw nekyerɛwee. Na wɔakyerɛw nekyerɛwee wɔ English asɛm "Lord" yi wɔ nhyehyɛmu yi, wɔde wɔ Bible nhyehyɛmu; na wɔakyerɛw nekyerɛwee wɔ Greek asɛm "kyrios" yi wɔ nhyehyɛmu yi, wɔde wɔ Septuagint nhyehyɛmu. Kristofoɔ, wɔbɛkae se "akwanewa a ɛkɔ daa ne mu nsɛm." Wɔ nhyɛmu "Master" yi wɔ "Lord" ntɔ wɔ Jesus akyi, ɛwɔ nhyehyɛmu a ɛfɛ. Wɔ nhyɛmu yi, ɛwɔ bere a ɛkɔ daa nekyerɛwee wɔ New Testament nhyehyɛmu.

Wɔakyerɛw, Bousset yɛn nwanwaa wɔ nhyehyɛmu a ɛkɔ daa nekyerɛwee wɔ "Lord" asɛm yi. Nanso wɔakyerɛw, wɔanhyɛ nhyehyɛmu yi wɔ Jesus akyi.

Nanso, nhyehyɛ Bousset ntebɛn nohoɔ da. "Nukua" asɛm a wɔde kyerɛ Jesus, ne asɔre adesua a wɔde kyerɛ Jesus wɔ ase, saa asɛm yi, Bousset kyerɛ, wɔn hwɛe wɔ mmɔtɔkɔ wɔfrɛ wɔnkyerɛwee wɔ Antioch, na wɔn amammɔ wɔn mu. Nanso, Bousset ntebɛn nohoɔ Paulinism ntebɛn nohoɔ nyinaa. Paulinism yɛ ade a ɛkɔɔ wɔnkyerɛ Christ; ɔkwaa ne mu wɔnkyerɛ wɔnkyerɛ.

Bousset kyerɛ saa nkyerɛ yi. Paul asɔre, ɔkwaa, yɛ ade a ɛkɔɔ wɔnkyerɛ asɔre a wɔhwɛ wɔnkyerɛ wɔ Antioch Asɔre. Nanso, ɔkwaa kyɛ wɔnkyerɛ Paul asɔre, ɛtɔɔ wɔnkyerɛ, wɔn hwɛ wɔnkyerɛ cult mu. Saa asɛm yi, ɛyɛ saa wɔnkyerɛ wɔn mu. Bousset, ɔkwaa, wɔn hwɛ wɔnkyerɛ individualistic akwaa wɔ Paul asɔre. At least, ɔkwaa, wɔn hwɛ wɔnkyerɛ Pauline ɔkwaa "wɔ Christ" anaa "wɔ Nukua" wɔn hwɛ wɔnkyerɛ wɔ Antioch Asɔre mmɔtɔkɔ.

Nanso, sɛ Paul individualistic asɔre wɔn hwɛ wɔnkyerɛ "cult," ɛdɛn? ɛdɛn ne faako a wɔn hwɛ wɔnkyerɛ? Bousset, ɔkwaa, wɔn hwɛ saa asɛm yi wɔn pɔɔ wɔnkyerɛ. Na ɔkwaa, wɔn hwɛ wɔnkyerɛ Paul asɔre a ɛwɔ Epistles wɔn hwɛ wɔnkyerɛ cult asɔre wɔ Antioch wɔn hwɛ wɔnkyerɛ "Nukua" ne "Spirit" wɔn hwɛ wɔnkyerɛ, na wɔn hwɛ wɔnkyerɛ Spirit nkyerɛ wɔnkyerɛ.

Nokware a Paul, Bousset gyeεε, naa ne muε wɔ akƐn a naa Hellenistic abosƐm no di. YƐn nyɛ baako pƐn naa terminology nɛɛ - nanso Reitzenstein deε ne kƐm no Bousset gyeεε, naa ne muε wɔ akƐn no fundamental pessimistic dualism a Paul wɔ, Bousset gyeεε, naa ne muε wɔ akƐn a naa widespread type of thought and life a naa mystery religions wɔ, naa Hermetic writings wɔ. Wɔ saa pessimistic way of thinking no mu, salvation nkotewa naa human nature ntumi nya, even with divine aid, nanso only by an entirely new beginning, produced by substitution of divine nature anaa old man no. Bousset kyerεε, naa apostle Paul, saa super-naturalism no, saa conception of dominance of divine power wɔ new life no, naa ne muε wɔ akƐn no far beyond limits of cult or visionary experiences; Spirit no naa ne muε wɔ akƐn no ruling principle of Christian's life; not only prophecy, tongues, healing, naa ɛkɛ, naa Spirit no fruit, nanso love, joy, peace, longsuffering, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, meekness, self-control. Nanso saa Pauline extension of Spirit's activity no, Bousset kyerεε, naa ne muε wɔ akƐn no weakening of supernaturalism a naa characteristic of original conception; Spirit a naa produce love, joy, peace, naa ne muε wɔ akƐn no human spirit, saa Spirit a naa cause men to speak with tongues no. Naa supernaturalism a naa appears in glorified form no, Bousset kyerεε, naa ne muε wɔ akƐn no mystical pagan religion of Hellenistic age no.

This contention has already been discussed, and the weakness of it has been pointed out. The Pauline doctrine of the Spirit was not derived from contemporary paganism. But the exposition of Bousset's theory has not yet been finished. The Spirit whose activities were extended by Paul into the innermost recesses of the Christian's life was identified, Bousset says, with "the Lord" (2 Cor. ii. 17). This identification exerted an important influence upon both the elements that were brought together; it exerted an important influence upon the conception both of "the Lord" and of "the Spirit." If “the Lord” was identified, or brought into very close relation, with the Spirit, and if the Spirit’s activity extended into the whole of life, then “the Lord” could no longer be for Paul merely the cult-god who was present in the meetings of the Church. On the contrary, He would have to be present everywhere where the Spirit was present-that is, He would have to be that in which the Christian lived and moved and had his being. Thus Paul could form the astonishing phrase "in Christ" or "in the Lord," for which Bousset admits that no analogy is to be found in pagan religion. On the other hand, the conception of the Spirit, Bousset believes, was necessarily modified by its connection with "the Lord." By the identification with an actual person who had lived but a few years before, "the Spirit" was given a personal quality which otherwise it did not possess. Or, to put the same thing in other words, the Pauline phrase "in the Lord" is not exactly the same in meaning as the phrase "in the Spirit"; for it possesses a peculiar personal character. "This remarkable mingling of abstraction and personality," says Bousset, "this connection of a religious principle with a person who had walked here on the earth and had here suffered death, is a phenomenon of peculiar power and originality."

becomes

Asɛmɛ yɛ wɔm wɔakyerɛkyerɛ, na wɔakyerɛkyerɛ nuaeɛ a ɛwɔ mu. Paul doxteɛ a ɛfa Ɔpankra ho no, na ɔnyaa mfirihyia mu paganim. Nanso Bousset nteɛ no, na ɔnnyaa nea ɛkyerɛ. Ɔpankra a Paul dehyɛɛ ne dwumadie wɔ Kristoni mu, wɔakyekyɛɛ no, Bousset kyɛ, wɔ "Awurade" (2 Kor. ii. 17). Nneɛ yi deɛ nea wɔakyekyɛɛ no, ɛdeɛ nea wɔakyekyɛɛ no nyinaa wɔ hɔ; ɛdeɛ nea wɔakyekyɛɛ no wɔ "Awurade" ne "Ɔpankra" no nyinaa. Sɛ "Awurade" wɔakyekyɛɛ no, anaa wɔdeɛ nea wɔakyekyɛɛ no wɔ Ɔpankra, na Ɔpankra no dwumadie wɔ nyinaa mu, ɛnde "Awurade" no arafoɔ Paul ntɛɛ so, na ɔteɛ so cult-god a wɔwɔ Church no wɔm. Ɔkwan paa so, Ɔno wɔ hɔ wɔ Ɔpankra wɔ hɔ - ɛnde Ɔno wɔ hɔ wɔ Kristoni no wɔm, na ɔwɔ hɔ. Ɛnde Paul tumi kyɛɛ nea ɛkyerɛ "wɔ Kristo" anaa "wɔ Awurade", Bousset kyɛ, na paganim mu, na ɔnnyaa nea ɛkyerɛ. Ɔkwan paa so, Ɔpankra no, Bousset gye, na wɔdeɛ nea wɔakyekyɛɛ no wɔ "Awurade". Wɔakyekyɛɛ no wɔ ɔneɛ obi a ɔwɔɔ nnɛ a ɛtɔɔ, "Ɔpankra" no wɔ ɔneɛ ɔpɛn a ɔnnyaa. Anaa, sɛ wɔkyɛɛ nea ɛkyerɛ, Paul kyɛɛ "wɔ Awurade" no, na ɛnnyaa nea ɛkyerɛ "wɔ Ɔpankra"; ɛnde ɔwɔ ɔneɛ ɔpɛn. "Nea ɛkyerɛ wɔ hɔ, wɔakyekyɛɛ no wɔ hɔ," Bousset kyɛ, "nea ɛkyerɛ wɔ hɔ wɔ ɔneɛ ɔpɛn wɔ hɔ, na ɔwɔɔ nnɛ a ɛtɔɔ, na ɔwɔɔ ɔkwan paa so, ɛdeɛ nea ɛkyerɛ wɔ hɔ wɔ hɔ."

Mfumfuo ne, Bousset no ho wɔ nʼakwan mu; ɔwɔ nʼakwan mu sɛ ɔbɛyɛ nokwaremfa kɔ baa ne nhwɛsodeɛ ne mu. Nanso ɔhu nʼakwan no na ɔkwaa. Ɛnni sɛ Paul na ɔneɛ ɔwɔ obiara a ɔneɛ ɔhuu sɛ ɔyɛ Kristo no, ɔwɔ nʼakwan mu. Sɛ ɔwɔa ɔneɛ ɔwɔ obiara a ɔneɛ ɔhuu sɛ ɔyɛ Kristo no, ɔnɛn ne Kristo nʼakwan mu sɛ ɔbɛka ɔno a ɔyɛ Ɔkwan no. Ɔkwan a ɔwɔa ɔneɛ ɔwɔ obiara a ɔneɛ ɔhuu sɛ ɔyɛ Kristo no, ɔnɛn ne Kristo nʼakwan mu sɛ ɔbɛka ɔno a ɔyɛ Ɔkwan no.

Nanso, mfumfuo ne, Bousset no ɔneɛ ɔwɔ obiara a ɔneɛ ɔhuu sɛ ɔyɛ Kristo no, ɔwɔ nʼakwan mu sɛ ɔbɛyɛ nokwaremfa kɔ baa ne nhwɛsodeɛ ne mu. Ɛnni sɛ Paul na ɔwɔa ɔneɛ ɔwɔ obiara a ɔneɛ ɔhuu sɛ ɔyɛ Kristo no, ɔwɔ nʼakwan mu. Sɛ ɔwɔa ɔneɛ ɔwɔ obiara a ɔneɛ ɔhuu sɛ ɔyɛ Kristo no, ɔnɛn ne Kristo nʼakwan mu sɛ ɔbɛka ɔno a ɔyɛ Ɔkwan no. Nanso ɔhu nʼakwan no na ɔkwaa. Ɛnni sɛ Paul na ɔneɛ ɔwɔ obiara a ɔneɛ ɔhuu sɛ ɔyɛ Kristo no, ɔwɔ nʼakwan mu.

Amãntã criticsim neɛ wabɔ wabɔ akɔ baako neɛ baako; ɛtry sɛ ɛbo nsãntãneɛ neɛ baako. Bousset neɛ wɔne mu na ɛwɔ neɛ baako; Wernle, neɛ odi kan, ɛwɔ neɛ baako. Nɛnɛ, baako neɛ baako yɛ wrong. Ɛwɔ only one way out of the difficulty. Ɛwɔ old way neɛ radical way. Nɛnɛ, scholarship world ɔfaako na ɛbaako. Fundamental difficulty in explaining the origin of Paulinism never disappear by being ignored; ɛnever yield to compromises of any kind. Ɛdisappear only when Jesus ɛrecognized as being really what Paul presupposes Him to be neɛ what all the Gospels represent Him as being— the eternal Son of God, come to earth for the redemption of man, now seated once more on the throne of His glory, neɛ working in the hearts of His disciples through His Spirit, as only God can work. Such a solution was never so unpopular as it is to-day. Acceptance of it will involve a Copernican revolution in many departments of human thought neɛ life. Nɛnɛ, refusal of such acceptance has left an historical problem which so far has not been solved.

At one point, Bousset admits, na Kristo neɛ na ɔkɔm na ɔwɔ hɔ. Na ɔkɔm na ɔwɔ hɔ neɛ na Jesus wui. Nanso Bousset gye di, se Paul kyerɛwdeɛ baa Jesus wui mu, na ɛno nyɛɛ hwee a ɛho hia, na ɔfirii pagan religion a ɛwɔ hɔ; Paul su so wui na akɔ ne Kristo a ɔwɔ hɔ, na ɔyɛɛ saa ɔfiri pagan su a ɛwɔ hɔ a ɛkyerɛ ɔwui na akɔ. Saa asɛm yi daa ɔbɛn akɛ, mampɔn a wɔakɔbɔ hɔn; M. Brückner abɔ hɔn mu wɔn a wɔakɔbɔ. Nanso saa ɛyɛ daa, na ɛnsɛm a ɛkyerɛ saa asɛm yi ɛyɛ fɛi. Review of Hellenistic religion a wɔakɔbɔ wɔ Chapter VI daa ɔbɛn, na ɛnsɛm a ɛkyerɛ saa, se anansi a, ɔwui na akɔ, na wɔakɔbɔ wɔn mu. Sɛ wɔakɔhwɛ saa anansi yi a, ɛfɛ saa a wɔakɔbɛn wɔn a, wɔakɔbɛn wɔn a ɔwui na akɔ. Nanso, saa ɛyɛ daa, saa parallel yi ɛkyerɛ saa? Ansa saa ɛyɛ saa a, saa New Testament asɛm yi wɔ Jesus wui na akɔ a, ɛfirii saa vegetation myths yi? Saa wɔakɔbɔ mampɔn a wɔakɔbɔ hɔn. Nanso saa ɛyɛ daa, na Bousset ankɔ saa nkonim yi. Sɛ Kristo wui na akɔ a, ɛyɛ hɔn a ɛwɔ hɔ, ɛyɛ saa a ɛkyerɛ saa a, ɛnsɛm yi ɛyɛ saa. Saa argument yi a ɛfirii saa parallel yi a ɛwɔ New Testament asɛm yi na pagan myth a ɛkyerɛ ɔwui na akɔ, ɛkyerɛ saa a ɛnsɛm yi ɛyɛ saa. Sɛ ɛkyerɛ saa a, ɛkyerɛ saa a New Testament asɛm yi wɔ Kristo wui na akɔ a, ɛfirii pagan myth yi. Nanso saa ɛyɛ daa a, saa nkonim yi ankɔ hɔn. Therefore, ɛwɔ hɔ a, ɛwɔ hɔ a, saa parallel yi a ɛwɔ saa a, Adonis na Osiris na Attis wui na akɔ, na saa a Kristo wui na akɔ, ɛyɛ saa a ɛnsɛm yi ɛyɛ saa. ɛwɔ hɔ a, ɛwɔ hɔ a, saa parallel yi ɛnsɛm a ɛkyerɛ saa a, ɛnsɛm yi ɛyɛ saa. Na sɛ ɛnsɛm yi ɛyɛ saa a, ɛwɔ hɔ a, ɛwɔ hɔ a, saa parallel yi ɛnsɛm a ɛkyerɛ saa a, ɛnsɛm yi ɛyɛ saa.

Nanso Bousset bɛkɛ, nehisi Kristo fi ne resurreksyon mu akwan pa naa ɛnneɛ pagans ne wɔn agorɔ ne mu yɛn, na ɛnneɛ Paul de ne mu yɛn wɔ ne agorɔ a ɔde hyɛɛ asɛm no so. Paul ne faako na Kristofoɔ ne Kristo nsɛm – wɔwu ne Kristo na wɔsɔrɔ ne Kristo. Nanso abɛdiɛ pagans wɔ wɔn agorɔ mu. Afei, wɔde nea ɛfiri Firmicus Maternus, "Monko yɛn, mo a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛɛ mu, efisɛ akokɔ no agye; na yɛn bɛgye yɛn aniwa mu."

Nanso ɛsɛ yɛn kae sɛ Firmicus Maternus de nea ɔkaeɛ no yɛn nyɛ daa, na nea ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɛwɔ hɔ daa wɔ abɛdiɛ a ɛtɔɔ ne nyɛ kɛse.

Nea nnipa a nnwuma a ɛwɔ nkyɛn nkrɔbɛ a wɔakyerɛw no yɛ nwonwaa. Ɛle sɛ na wɔn a wɔkɛntɛn no ara ne wɔn a wɔhwɛ no mu no bɛnya nɛ wɔnkyerɛwfo no ara bɛtumi akɔ so akyerɛ nea ɛfa ɔneɛ a ɔwɔ ɔkwaa a ɛwɔ ɔwɔ na nea ɛfa ɔneɛ a ɛwɔ nkwankwa no ho. Ɔkwan paa so no, saa ɛnni. Nea ɛwɔ nkyɛn ɔneɛ a ɛfa ɔneɛ a ɛwɔ ɔkwaa a ɛwɔ ɔwɔ no ho yɛ den den, na yɛn suaa no mu yɛnkyɛn kɛkɛ. Ɛwɔ hɔ nso, ɛfiri ɔtweaa a ɛkyɛn Paul no. Ɛbɛ yɛ den a, na ɛnni hɔ sɛ wɔnkyerɛw ɔneɛ a ɛfa ɔneɛ a ɛwɔ ɔkwaa a ɛwɔ ɔwɔ no ho, ne nea ɛfa ɔneɛ a ɛwɔ nkwankwa no ho, na ɛwɔ ɔwɔ nkyɛn ɔtweaa a ɛkyɛn Paul no. Wɔakyerɛw nkrɔbɛ bi a ɛwɔ Misri a ɛkyɛn Er-man no, a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɔwɔ Osiris no nkwaa no bɛma ɔwɔ ɔhwɛfo no nkwaa. "Sɛ Osiris te ase, ɔno nso bɛte ase." Ɛle sɛ na saa ɔneɛ a ɛwɔ ɔkwaa a ɛwɔ ɔwɔ no ho nso wɔ hɔ a ɛfa Attis ne Adonis no hwɛm. Sɛ ɔwɔ ɔneɛ a ɛfa ɔneɛ a ɛwɔ ɔkwaa a ɛwɔ ɔwɔ no ho wɔ ɔtweaa a ɛkyɛn Paul no, ɛnni hɔ sɛ ɔwɔ ɔneɛ a ɛwɔ ɔkwaa a ɛwɔ ɔwɔ no ho yɛ kɔkɔɔ. Ɔkwan paa so no, yɛnkyerɛw sɛ ɛwɔ ɔwɔ ɔneɛ a ɛfa ɔneɛ a ɛwɔ ɔkwaa a ɛwɔ ɔwɔ no ho yɛ kɔkɔɔ wɔ mmerɛ yɛnkyɛn. Ɛkyɛn saa ɔkwan yi, J. Weiss—na ɔno yɛ ɔkwan a ɔneɛ a ɛwɔ ɔkwan a ɛwɔ ɔwɔ no ho—akyɛrɛ sɛ 1 Cor. i. 23. Kristo a ɔwɔ ɔkwaa no, Paul kyɛrɛ sɛ, yɛ "nkwankwaa mu ɔnsɛm" kɛ Gentiles. Ɛnni hɔ sɛ Gentiles a Paul ne wɔnkyerɛw no mu yɛnkyɛn wɔ ɔwɔ ɔneɛ a ɛfa ɔneɛ a ɛwɔ ɔkwaa a ɛwɔ ɔwɔ no ho. Sɛ Brückner kyɛrɛw no yɛ ɔkwan paa so, sɛ ɔneɛ a ɛwɔ ɔkwaa a ɛwɔ ɔwɔ no ho yɛ kɔkɔɔ wɔ Paul no da, Cross no ɛnni hɔ sɛ "nkwankwaa mu ɔnsɛm" kɛ Gentiles; ɔkwan paa so no, ɛbɛ yɛ Gentiles sɛ ɔwɔ ɔneɛ a ɛwɔ ɔkwan a ɛwɔ ɔwɔ no ho.

Nanso ne sanne akyere a ɛfa ne mu baako ne a ɛfa ne mu baako akyi akyi, nea ɛyɛ sɛ Kristo fi ase hunu sɛ ɛwɔ hɔ, na ɛyɛ denam Kristo so, ɛnka Paul nkɔmmɔne mu biara. Denam Paul Kristo so, na ɛyɛ sɛ okyere ne ho akyi, na okyere ne ho akyi nanso ma nnipa. “Odoon me,” Paul se, “na okyere ne ho akyi nanso ma me.” Nanso, saa nkɔmmɔne yi mu biara nni saa akyere yi mu wɔ pagan asɔre mu. Osiris, Adonis, na Attis, wɔn mu baako ne wɔn mu baako akyi akyi; Jesus de, okyere ne ho akyi nanso ma. Saa nkɔmmɔne yi yɛ akatakyɛ; ɛfa Paul asɔre mu baako ne baako akyi. Dɛn na saa nkɔmmɔne yi fi ase? Dɛn na saa akyere yi dii dwuma wɔ Paul mu? Jesus na ɛfi ase? Jesus na ɛdi dwuma wɔ Paul mu? Saa atɛntrɛn yi dɛn na ɛyɛ. Nanso, saa atɛntrɛn yi, Bousset baako ne, ɛsɛ saa atɛntrɛn yi. Sɛ Paul na ɛwɔ Jesus nuae mu biara, dɛn na okyere saa, Jesus, nnipa baako, na ɛyɛ ɔheavenly Awurade?

Nne muo dị iche bụ nke dị mkpa karị. Ọnwụ na mbilite n'ọnwụ nke chi ndị na-eseghị onwe ha bụ okwu nke nzuko; ọnwụ na mbilite n'ọnwụ nke Kraist nke Pọl kwuru bụ eziokwu nke akụkọ ihe mere eme. A na-ahụ na nyocha nke okpukpe ndị Gris na ndị Rom na nzuko ndị dị na okpukpe ndị na-eseghị onwe ha siri ike karịa akụkọ ifo; n'echiche nke ndị ọkà mmụta nke oge a, akụkọ ifo ndị ahụ sitere na nzuko kama ọ bụghị nke ọzọ. Ya mere, n'ihe banyere "chi ndị na-anwụ anwụ na bilie", mmadụ na-eju anya karịa ihe niile site na agwa mmiri nke akụkọ ifo. Akụkọ banyere Attis, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na-agwa ya n'ọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche, ọ dịghịkwa yie ka e nwere obere mmasị n'etiti ndị na-efe Attis maka guzobe akaụntụ ziri ezi banyere ọnwụ na mbilite n'ọnwụ nke chi. Karịsịa "mbilite n'ọnwụ" nke chi apụta na akụkọ ifo nke Attis, Adonis, na Osiris ka ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ ghara ịdị. Ọnwụ na mbilite n'ọnwụ dịrị n'ezie na nzuko. Kwa afọ na Machị, ndị na-efe Attis na Rome buru ụzọ hụ chi ka ọ nọ na-anwụ dị ka ọ na-anọchi anya ya site na osisi fir, ma mesịa jụọ na mbilite n'ọnwụ ya. Ọnwụ na mbilite n'ọnwụ fọrọ nke nta ka e chere na ha bụ ihe merenụ otu ugboro ruo mgbe gara aga. Ha ka e chere kama na-eme kwa oge ememe nke mmemme.

Ụzọ Pọl si agwọ ọnwụ na mbilite n'ọnwụ Kraist dị iche kpamkpam. Site n'aka Bousset, n'ezie, ihe dị iche bụ nke na-ezighị ezi; Bousset na-agbalị igosi na echiche Pọl banyere ọnwụ na mbilite n'ọnwụ nke onye na-ekwere Kraist na ya bụ site na ememe nke nzuko. Ma ọ dịghị ihe na-ezighị ezi karịa nke a. Ihe kacha doro anya na Akwụkwọ Nsọ bụ agwa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ozi Pọl. Okpukpe Pọl gbanyere mgbọrọgwụ n'ihe merenụ, nzuko bụ otu ụzọ isi gosipụta mkpa ihe merenụ. Ihe merenụ bụ ọrụ Kraist na-azọpụta site na ọnwụ na mbilite n'ọnwụ ya..

Ebene ne mu nsɛm a ɛdeda ne Paul ne amanneɛ a ɛwɔ nnɛ yi ntam. Paulinism nnyɛɛ nhwehwɛmu; nnyɛɛ mmɛnɛ a wɔde kyerɛɛ wɔn ho wɔn mu a wɔrebɔ wɔn ani; nnyɛɛ nkaeɛ a ɛfa nea ɛwɔ daa. Ɔhɔɔ, na ɛyɛ nkaeɛ a ɛfa nea ɛhɔɔ. Na nea ɛhɔɔ no, bio, na ɔnni kɛseɛ wɔ atɔn ne ɛkyiɛn mmerɛ. Nkaeɛ no ɔnni kɛseɛ wɔ atɔn ne ɛkyiɛn wɔn a wɔde kyerɛɛ wɔn ho wɔn mu. Ɔhɔɔ, na Yesu akyɛw ne nnaeɛ, Paul nhoma a ɛwɔ, hɔɔ wɔn a ɛfew ne ɛkyiɛn. Na nea ɛwɔ no wɔn bisaa; na Paul frɛɛ wɔn a wɔwɔ saa ɛnneɛmu yi. Nkaeɛ a ɛwɔ, 1 Cor. xv. 1-8, suaa ɛdeda ne Paul Kristo ne pagan saviour-gods ntam. Na Paulinism akɛntɛn nda ɛfiri nkaeɛ a ɛwɔ. Hɛn nyinaa wɔ Paul nhoma no, na ɔde ne nkwaa hyɛɛ ɛnneɛmu a ɛfa Yesu akyɛw ne nnaeɛ. Nhoma a Paul kyerɛɛ no, na ɛyɛ nkaeɛ a ɛfa nea ɛhɔɔ. Sɛ nkaeɛ no ɛfiri, Paulinism mfiriaseɛ ɛyɛɛ ɛkyiɛn; sɛ ɛnni, Asɔreɛ ɛwɔ ɛlɛbɔɔ ɛkyiɛn.

Saa ɛlɛbɔɔ no, wɔ ɛkyiɛn wɔ ɛdeda ne ɛkyiɛn. Sɛ Yesu nnyɛɛ Onyankopɔn a ɔdeɛ wɔn, Paul kyerɛɛ, ɛdɛɛn? Wɔ ɛkyiɛn wɔ akɛntɛn abiɛsa a ɛkyiɛn wɔ ɛdeda ne ɛkyiɛn.

Paul nnyɛɛ wɔn a wɔkyerɛɛ wɔn ho wɔn mu a wɔrebɔ wɔn ani; sɛ Yesu wɔn a wɔkyerɛɛ wɔn ho wɔn mu a wɔrebɔ wɔn ani, ɛdɛɛn wɔn a wɔkyerɛɛ wɔn ho wɔn mu a wɔrebɔ wɔn ani? Wɔ ɛkyiɛn wɔ akɛntɛn a Wrede ne Bousset kyerɛɛ no. Na sɛ Paulinism ɛdɛɛn wɔn a wɔkyerɛɛ wɔn ho wɔn mu a wɔrebɔ wɔn ani, ɛdɛɛn wɔn a wɔkyerɛɛ?

Na eju ne faa wɔn nyɛ, ɛnneɛ Wrede ne mu, na ɛne Messiah no pre-Christian apocalyptic notions; apocalyptic Messiah no nnɛɛ yɛ obi a wɔde kɔ worship, na nnɛɛ yɛ obi a ɔho ne mu. Na eju ne faa wɔn nyɛ, ɛnneɛ Bousset wɔ brilliant hypothesis; pagan influence nnɛɛ wɔ, na Paul self-testimony ne mu, na pagan parallels nnɛɛ wɔ. Na ɔkwan yɛ, na parallels wɔ ten times closer, ɛnneɛ problem no heart nnɛɛ wɔ kɔ.

Problem no heart wɔ Pauline relation ne Christ mu. Na relation no nnɛɛ wɔ described by mere enumeration of details; nnɛɛ wɔ reduced to lower terms; ɛyɛ absolutely simple na indivisible kɛkɛ. Paul ne Christ relation yɛ love relation; na love yɛ only between persons. ɛnneɛ group of ideas na ɛsɛ explained, na Paulinism yɛ accounted for, ɛyɛ Paul nʼlove ne Saviour. Na love no rooted, nnɛɛ Christ yɛ, na ɛyɛ Christ yɛ. “Ɔno loved me na ɔno gave Himself ne mu.” Na ɛyɛ basis ne Paul religion; ɛyɛ basis ne Christianity yɛ. Na basis no confirmed by Jesus account a ɛyɛ Gospels mu, na ɛyɛ sources yɛ. ɛyɛ opposed only by modern reconstructions. Na reconstructions yɛ breaking down. Paul religion nnɛɛ founded upon ideas complex a ɛyɛ Judaism or paganism.

ɛyɛ founded upon historical Jesus. Na historical Jesus a ɛyɛ founded upon nnɛɛ modern reconstruction Jesus, ɛyɛ New Testament yɛ, na Christian faith yɛ; ɛnneɛ teacher a ɔne survived only disciples no memory mu, ɛyɛ Saviour a ɔno redeeming work yɛ, na ɔno still lived na ɔno still loved.

John Gresham Machen (1881-1937) na American Presbyterian New Testament akɛntɔn, na ɔne nea ɔkɔɔ nea nea ne mu wɔ Princeton, na ɔfaa Westminster Theological Seminary ne Orthodox Presbyterian Asɔr nea.

However, I will re-translate it into proper twi:

John Gresham Machen (1881-1937) yɛ Amerika Presbyterian Nɛm Testamentɛ akɛntɛn, a ɔkɔɔ nea nea wɔ Princeton, na ɔsɔɔ Westminster Theological Seminary ne Orthodox Presbyterian Asɔr.