Imvelaphi kaPawuli 'enkolo

Imvelaphi Yenkolo kaPaul

Iminyaka YaseHelenistic (Ingxenye 7)

NguJohn Gresham Machen

Akumangalisi, ngakho, ukuthi ingxabano esanda kuchazwa ivame ukuphelelezwelwa ngokuqwalaswa okwengeziwe. Kuyagcinwa, okungukuthi, ukuthi ukholo olungcwele lwepaganism lwakha, ngandlela-thile, iyunithi; ibingeyinto engenzeka nje ngengozi yokukholwa nezindlela, kodwa yayifana nomoya ongeenkonzweni wokomoya owawufana nawo wonke, naphezu kokwehluka kobushisa nomswakama, ukwakheka okuyisisekelo kwakufana nawo wonke. Uma, ngakho, ubukhona balo moya wokholo olungcwele lungaqinisekiswa lapha nalapho emithonjeni yedethi yangaphambi kobuKristu, umcwaningi unelungelo lokunquma ngemvelo yomoya ngendlela enemininingwane ngokudweba emithonjeni yakamuva. Ngamanye amazwi, inkolo engcwele yemyaka yaseHelenistic iyakhiwa ngendlela enemininingwane ngokusebenzisa imithombo yosuku lwakamuva, bese (eyunithi eyisisekelo yenonophelo ecatshangelwa) usuku lwangaphambi kobuKristu lwalenkolo engcwele yasempumalanga luqinisekiswa ngokubhekisela okuncane emikhathini yangaphambi kobuKristu. Kuyavunwa, mhlawumbe, ukuthi izinto zokungcweliswa kwempumalanga ezitholakala emithonjeni yangaphambi kobuKristu ngeke zanele ukufakazela ukuthembeka kukaPaul kulolo hlobo lwenkolo; kodwa izinto ezitholakala emithonjeni yakamuva zicatshangelwa ukuze zihlobane kakhulu nezinto ezifakazelwa kusengaphambili ukuthi zaye zaba khona ekuqaleni, futhi kusukela zifana noPaul inkolweni yakhe. Ukubeka lolu daba ngamazwi, imvelo yenkolo yaseHelenistic iyakhiwa ngemithombo yosuku lwakamuva; kanti imvelaphi yale nkolo yaseHelenistic iyakhiwa ngokubhekisela okuncane kwosuku lwangaphambi kobuKristu.

Lesi inqubo iyakha ukuguqulwa okuthakazelisayo kwinqubo efanayo esetshenziswa ngabafund scholars abafanayo kubuKristu. Kuthiwa ubuKristu buye badlula ekushintsheni okuningi okukhulu phakathi neminyaka embalwa noma ngisho nezinyanga, izinguquko ezibandakanya ukuguqulwa kwemvelo yayo yangaphakathi; kodwa inkolo yamahedeni ngapparently ithiwe ukuthi ihlale njalo kusukela ekuqaleni. Ngenkathi uPawuli, eminyakeni embalwa kuphela ngemuva kokuzalwa kweKhotho, athi "wamkelwa" izinto ezithile ezibalulekile enkolweni yakhe, ukuxhumana okuseduze kwalezo zinto nezinto zikaPawuli akukuvumeli ukuba yasekwa imvelaphi yokuqala yalo lonke; kodwa ubuhedeni bowe-3 neye-4 abadlula ekubeni njalo okufanayo, hivi ukuba khona kwezinto ezithile zezinto zamahedeni zakuqala zingavumela lonke uhlelo lokutshala emanzini lobo ubuhedeni.

Kunjalo, i-hypothesis ekhona manje ihlolwa ibekwe ngokuqinisekile, futhi ithuthukiswa ngezilinganiso ezihlukahlukene zokulumkisa. Abanye babakhuthazeli bayo bangazivikela bodwa ngokumelene nenkokhelo yokutshala i-paganism yamuva yamaKristu ngokuphelele esikhathini sangaphambi kweKristu. Bangasebenza ubufakazi obukhethekile mayelana neminininganino eminingi. Lobufakazi kufanele buhlolwe kunyanyasha epheleleyo. Kodwa ukuphikisa okwaphakanywa, naphezu kwezimpendulo ezingenzeka kukho ngeminininganino, akunawo umgomo. Kuyaqhubeka nokuba yiqiniso, naphezu kokugodla kwakonke, ukuthi abalandeli besikole "sokholo oluqhathanisayo" banesineke kakhulu ngokuphathelene nemibuzo yobuhle. Bayabahlupha kakhulu labo abaphakanyisa imibuzo enjalo. Abayithandi imibuzo yabo yokucabanga ihlolwe yinto ephansi njengo usuku. Kodwa usuku ngalunye lwenza umsebenzi walo. Ngokomzekelo, inkulumo ethi, "ukuzalwa kabusha kwesikhathi eside," ibonakala ngokubambisana nokugeza kwegazi kwe-taurobolium. Kuyafaneleka kanjani, kungathiwa, ekuxhumaneni kokuzalwa kabusha nokuchitheka kwegazi! Kuyasiza kanjani ekusunguleni imvelaphi yamahedeni weengqondo zamaKristu! Ngendlela ethembekile lapho inkulumo ethi “ukuzalwa kabusha kwesikhathi eside" icotshwa ekuxoxweni kwimvelaphi yamaKristu, umuntu angacabanga ukuthi imvelaphi yayo yangaphambi kweKristu igxilile ngaphandle kwesisekelo. Kungase kufike njengokuduma, ngakho, kubafundi bokuxoxwa kwamuva ukuze batshelwe ukuthi njengento enkulu le nkulumo ayibonakali mpaka kwenkulungwini yesi-4, lapho iKrirstiyanite ifaka khona isikhundla sayo njengereligiyoni eyasungulwa yomhlaba wamaRoma. Uma kukhona ukuthembeka, kukuqiniseka ukuthembeka kwe-taurobolium kuKristiyanite, hhayi kweKristiyanite ku-taurobolium.

I-sono zokufana zedethi ziqhuba zonke ngaphakathi ekuphathweni kwesimanje kwemlando wokholo ngaphakathi esikhathini seTestamente Entsha. Iyakhathaza kakhulu ekuchazweni okudumile. Lapho umfundi ongeyena umcwaningi ecindezelwa yizinhlelo eziningi zokucaphuna ezivela ku-Apuleius nakwa-Lucian, ingasabi nhlobo ku-Firmicus Maternus kanye nezinscription ze-nekhulunyaka yesi-4, nalapho lezi zicaphuno zetekunzi zenziwa ngabantu bokufunda abangabazeki njengobufakazi bokholo lwangaphambi kobuKristu, nalapho inqubo yenzeka ngokwenzeka kwetterences kubalobi bangaphambi kobuKristu abangaphezu kwalokho uma bebhekwa bangaprove lutho nhlobo, nalapho kunekugwema okucopheleleyo kweyakho yonke into efana nokuhlelwa kwakho kwesikhathi semateriali, kodwa zicaphuno ezivela kuzo zonke izizwe nawo wonke umnyaka zithathwa ndawonye ukuze kuphindwe imvelo kaPawuli- ngaphansi kokuphathwa kwesimanje umfundi ongeyena umcwaningi uvame ukuthola umbono wokuthi kukhona okubaluleke kakhulu okufakazelwa. Lo mbono ungacondziswa ngokungenisa kwezikhathi ezimbalwa, ikakhulukazi ngaphakathi ekukhanyeni kwakho kweqiniso lokuthi inkolo yaseMpumalanga ingenisa ukwandiswa okumangalisayo ngaphakathi kwesikhathi esifushane emva kokuphela kwesikhathi seTestamente Entsha, ukuze izimo ezikhona emva kwalokho ukwandiswa zingaboni nhlobo zibe khona ngaphambi kokwandiswa kwenzeka.

Lokhu kukritiswa kungathathwa njengokwethukela okwesikhashana. Ukulunga kwakho kungahlolwa kuphela ngokuhlolwa okuningiliziwe kwe-hypothesis lapho lokhu kukritiswa kuphendukelwa khona. Yabe, umuntu oyakwenza njani ukwakha kabusha inkolo yobufakazi kaHellenistic yangaphambi kobuKristu? Yiziphi imithombo ezakisetshenziswa? Eminye yemithombo isivele ithintwe ekubuyekeni kwezikhala zomuntu ngakuzing. Kana incidentally umthombo wobuthakathaka wesinye sale mithombo usuvele wabonakala. Kodwa yisikhathi sokuhlola eminye imithombo engakaxhunyiwe ngokuqinile nakweyakho cult.

Kamuva nje, kungekho ukunakwa okukhulu nje kuphela kubhuku elilodwa lokubhala elithola igama elithi Hermes Trismegistus. Le mibhalo ye-Hermetic ifaka hhayi nje kuphela umzimba wezihloko ezingabalwa ekhulu namane ezigcinwe ngokuqhubekayo ngendlela yamanuskripthi eGreek, kodwa nezicucu eziqukethwe emisebenzini kaStobaus nabanye ababhali, ekugcineni "Asclepius" elinikwa uApuleius. Ngokuvamile, akukho okuthathwa njengokuqinisekile ukuthi izinhlamvu ze-Hermetic zenziwa ngaphambi kuka-300 AD; akekho owang'ang'ubuthi ngokuthi zivela kwesinye isikhathi esingaphambi kobuKristu. Izinto ngamanye zezinhlamvu - umthamo womuntu ngamnye wezihloko ze-Hermetic, ngokuvamile zithathwa njengokuthi zenziwa ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene; kodwa akekho kubo ojwayele ukucabanga ukuthi walotshwa ngaphambi kokuthi kuqale isikhathi sobuKristu. Ngomthamo omkhulu kakhulu, i "Poimandres," evuka ekuqaleni komzimba, imibono iyahlukahluka. UJ. Kroll, umbhali wale monograph ehamba phambili kwi imibhalo ye-Hermetic, uyabona iPoimandres njengengxenye yokugcina yezihloko ezikuzingqinamba, futhi njengoba ivela esikhathini sikaNumenius (ingxenye yesibili yekhulu lama-2); kanti uZielinski uyabona njengombhalo wokuqala wezingqinamba. Ngendlela ekhaliphile, uReitzenstein uzama ukufakazela ukuthi u "Umalusi kaHermes" (ingxenye yesibili yekhulu lama-2) weKristu uncike kufomu lwangempela le "Poimandres." Kodwa umphakathi wakhe hakufezi ukuvumelana okujwayelekile. Akunakwenzeka ukusunduza izinto zePoimandres zibe ikhulu lokuqala - ngokuqinisekile hakufezi nganoma yikuphi ukwelashwa kobudlelwane bezobuciko.

UJhon Gresham Machen (1881-1937) wayengumfundi wamaPresbyterian wamaMelika weTestamente Entsha, owaholwa enkulukazi ngokuphathelene nezifundo zenkolo zamamodernist ePrinceton, futhi wasungula iTheological Seminary yaseWestminster kanye neOrthodox iKhotho yamaPresbyterian.