Let's begin with prayer together our heavenly Father. We thank you that we can congregate again this evening We thank you for your word We thank you for this day that you've given us and we realize that all of us have already done a lot this day and that there is a degree of fatigue and tiredness and yet We rejoice that we have the opportunity to come under your word to live under your presence in your presence and To have your spirit that would guide us into all truth Lord we pray that you would refresh us in mind and spirit this evening That we would be refocused on you remotivated for with us and deepened Not only in our understanding but in our commitment to you We thank you for this group. We thank you for the opportunity that you give us to reflect and to apply your word We pray that you would bless this time that we have together to your glory to your honor in Jesus name Amen The title of this course is life and letters of Paul and you may have wondered that we spend so much time in the book of Acts But if you remember my little image it was that of an airport a Main station the book of Acts giving the Expansion of that message beyond its barriers and borders and now we see how the Apostle Paul was used to move out into various settings and Right letters after having moved out into those settings I would like to compare this second Section of our time together in fact the rest the remainder of our time together as that That Paul has received a new plough Representing the gospel the gospel of grace the gospel of unmerited forgiveness the gospel of regeneration in his life And now he goes out with that plough and Presence that message to various groups various peoples various cultures various situations and whatever he turns up With that gospel. That's what he addresses in the epistles So at first glance they seem random. They seem personal. They seem Situationally conditioned, you know here in Corinth he experienced that here in Colosseum from Colosseum He hears something else here in Galatians. He has experienced that and he just responds to that But actually this plough that goes through the ground of various cultures and settings brings up Questions brings up problems brings up situations that in the end reflect the human condition the human condition Without the gospel Met with the gospel Responding to the gospel so that we can say in God's wisdom He led Paul to write particular situationally specific letters to various churches But the real problem is a human condition problem and that will continue So that the diversity of what he addresses will be continuing throughout the ages and will also be found today We just have to have the eyes and the study and the understanding of what do those situations represent and how they how do they relate to our times today To see that they are basic truths that continue from these letters and so while these letters were Written to particular situations they are the word of God to us They are God speaking to our lives as we come under the gospel and there's one unifying theme Throughout in what Paul is doing as the Apostle to the Gentiles as the Apostle who writes from God and that is this Bring everything under the authority of Christ Bring everything under the preeminent of Christ relate life thought and ethics to Christ You tell me the problem Paul relates that problem to the gospel be it in thought be it in questions Be it in conduct it is always a Christ-centered Approach to dealing with those and that is the unifying theme of The epistles as Paul begins to minister so perhaps you can remember that image of the plow that Paul begins to present the gospel and There are various stones bushes and things that he turns up and there's one major one that he turns up as he has Ministers to the Galatians and as he hears of what happens as they Respond to the gospels the gospel So this evening with all three lecture units all three hours we are looking at the Ministry of Paul to the Galatians, but we will always have the question in the back of our mind What is the issue here and how does that issue relate to us today? Before we go into it be aware that the substantial study of Galatians has men throughout the history of the church a strong revival a return to the gospel and Predominant among these times is that of the Reformation a substantial Impact of Galatians can be seen and traced in Luther's teaching He gave a lengthy lectures on Galatians and that was part of the influence which led him to say the church has lost a basic truth namely Sola Grazia by grace alone The church has somehow allowed to Permit propagate and endorse and encourage Human endeavor to gain the favor of God and it has thereby Compromised or sold out on the gospel truth It has fallen back into exactly what Paul warned The Galatians not to fall back into and that is a man generated self-generated purity that would somehow gain the favor of God Self-driven religiosity to gain God's favor and inclination and Once that was recovered Sola Grazia by grace alone It was like a fire that spread throughout Europe and Many other times before and after that So as we turn to Galatians we turn to one of the nerve centers of the gospel and it is not by accident I believe that the first letter the first apostolic letter Written to a group of churches where Paul had ploughed just recently are The Galatians and so I come to the first point the occasion the setting and the address sees a lot could be said about this but I will just Developed that to a certain degree tonight We are in The beginning of the public life of Paul and you can actually turn to page 15 in your lecture handouts the geographical and chronological table of Paul's life and I will just take you in Paul's life to the point of writing Galatians So we're going to begin with this chronology and Next Monday we're going to continue that to have a little bit of an outline of how God takes Paul in his life So if you turn with me to page 15 I'm just going to take you to the situation of Galatians as part of the point here that I want to address Concerning the setting of Galatians occasion and setting Important is that Paul was a Hellenistic Jew in terms of his early upbringing he grew up in the city of Tarsus, which was a culturally well-developed city There was a good bit of exposure to Greek thought and philosophy Where scholars debate is actually when at what point in Paul saw his life he then moved to Jerusalem It is perhaps good to say that he was rather younger than older perhaps even only 12 or 13 years old when he was sent by his father to Jerusalem He was educated under Gamaliel as acts reports and Gamaliel does anybody know of which school Gamaliel was Hillel or Shamai Hillel he was in the school of Hillel and Hillel if you would want to use that word was of the more liberal School he was a little less rigid in applying the precepts of the Torah of the Old Testament to particular rabbinic teaching then after this time of training there comes a time of Prosecuting the church. He moved very much from the center of Palestinian Judaism the fairysake party and Feels that it is his duty and his commission to Prosecute the church and I've made a few mention concerning that on in our study of acts and the entire disposition of Paul of Saul at that time namely That he felt that the Christians were worshipping Jesus and that that was blasphemy and that the only way to deal with that blasphemy was to Pursuit them to get them to blaspheme Jesus to bring them back into the fold or perhaps if necessary to kill them as sectarian as those who are enemies of God Now if you had interviewed Saul at that very point before his conversion I do not believe that he would have said to you that he had some doubts about his own life that he had some sense of Sin in his life some sense of Incompleteless, I think he would have told you that he felt closer to God than ever Because he was not only teaching well. He was putting deeds to his words. He was Fighting on the side of God for his name for his glory for his honor against these horrible Christians who were blaspheming the name of Jehovah at that very point the crest the highest point of Neil for God Jesus appears to him before the muskis and That appearance of Jesus of the resurrected Jesus was not An appearance in which Jesus said you know Saul you're doing pretty well You you're a willy to sacrifice a whole lot. There's just a little bit left. Would you please believe in me? You know that the exact contrary is the case as he encounters the living risen Lord He sees that the sum total of his life his thought Everything he understood and did was opposed to the purposes of God a Radical shattery experience for Saul to see that the sum total of his great deeds on behalf of God is Great school Ferris a school his wonderful zeal to do the word of God and live by it Ended up in being utterly opposed to the purposes of God because he had to recognize that this appointed Jesus was actually Part of the purpose of the very God that he was Intending to the fit So it was just that there was a slight deficiency in Saul He turned out to be the enemy the opponent of God You see that that is the source and root of a lot of so-called Pauline theology Which I believe is nothing else than the gospel applied to Paul The gospel of truth given to Paul Namely that there is no human merit before God You see if somebody would be able to stand the test of Qualifying for God on the basis of self-effort Solve is it and yet he did not turn out to be slightly deficient Just a little more effort would have gotten him over the the the final barrier the final hindrance the final Jump to godliness know the some total of all his Purpose is turned out to be against the purposes of God and so the very Turning point of Saul's life is the cradle of his clear teaching that man can be justified and Cleasing before God only by what Christ did and not but what by what man can bring to the equation as Good as it may look to human eyes and Paul can say in Philippians with regard to the law. I was faultless blameless From human perspective he had a lot to boast about as he says He could boast his own heritage. He could boast his own Education he could boast his own knowledge. He could boast that he lived by it He wasn't a hypocrite that said one thing and did another and he was even zealous for the living God All of that all of that boasting looked at from the human perspective looked Like an enemy of God and So it's not slight deficiency. It's utter opposition to the purposes of God Which Paul has to reckon with at his conversion, which is recorded in Acts 9 and then in further passages in 22 and 26 in the book of Acts We do have then a time of initial regrouping rethinking There may have been times of special revelation to Paul that really the gospel has already been set in the heart of Saul mainly Not by man's strength, not by man's skill But by God's provision only and exclusively Does man have a chance to stand justified and favorable before God? Now I'm assuming That most of you or all of you know that fairly well But perhaps you will see tonight as we look at Galatians how that not just fairy-sake tendency sneaks into our lives 20, 50, 100, 200 times a day and shows Raises his head and says let me make a little contribution to this religious life here Let me make a little bit of something that looks good to myself to others Let me boast about something. Yes, I'm saved by grace, but So we'll see that Saul has to deal with that now Paul He will read the Old Testament again and reflect on the purpose of the mosaic law Reflect on the purpose of Abraham the promise to Abraham in some of what we have in Galatians At least is the fruit of that reflection. Let's see the gospel has already been set from Damascus I believe that the basic truths about the gospel have been set as Saul encounters the living Christ before the gates of Damascus and everything has to be reconsidered What can I boast in? I consider all things a loss in the sake of gaining Christ fundamental Changes happen in Paul as we read in Philippians There is a time of sojourning in Tarsus probably 37 to 45 and It is from Tarsus that the bridge builder Barnabas calls this call and Has him minister with him in the Syrian Antioch which I told you when we looked at Acts is the second missionary base the second base of Christian life and And from there then from Antioch Barnabas and Paul are sent out for a first missionary journey in what is now Turkey the Area in the south of the larger Roman province of Galatia and so if you look at a Roman description of Turkey you would say Paul ministered with Barnabas in south Galatia in the southern area There was an ethnic Galatia in the north that also included the Roman Provinces of Galatia that the cities mentioned in Acts are those of what we would call the southern part of the Roman province of Galatia including Lista Lista and Derby and Perga Note from the book of Acts and that's important for our study of Galatians that Paul visits synagogues primarily in first So what we're dealing with in Galatians is Particularly connected to that because the debate the antithesis the contrast that Paul establishes in Galatians are dealing with Life connected and associated with Jewish synagogues and we will come to that later then he returns to Syrian Antioch and Pretty soon we can surmise from Galatians There are reports from the churches that he has Established through this first missionary journey. There are reports that there are serious trouble serious conflict serious debate in those churches and that ledger to the Galatians written about 48 the end or beginning of 49 addresses those questions So for those of you who look at chronological connections I am dating Galatians before the so-called Jerusalem Council I would say Paul writes Galatians and then sometime later is commissioned from the Antioch church to go down to Jerusalem join the council in which the major debate is Disgust which we have already looked at together. Is it necessary? for Gentiles to be circumcised in order to be saved so the ledger to the Galatians Already anticipates a culmination of the problem and that will come up in the Jerusalem Council I am dating therefore Galatians before the Jerusalem Council as the first letter of Paul Addressed to the South Galatians because that is the only group of New converts that Paul can address at this early stage if you date Galatians later on then obviously it may be But not does not have to be North Galatians if Paul indeed ministered in the northern region in the second missionary journey But my understanding here is that it is more Adequate to all the pieces of evidence given that Paul writes early and then only to the South Galatians In North Galatia the ethnic North Galatia There is very little evidence of Jewish population Whereas in the South Galatian area where Paul actually visited there is a good bit So even if Galatians were written later, it would be that question why does he address so much the Jewish question of the gospel in regards to the law if There are not many Jews or Jewish Christians in the North of Galatia So while some of this may be a little bit far and extended I'm just summarizing I'm dating Galatians early. I am seeing Galatians as having been written prior to the Apostolic Council And I see Galatians to be addressed to the South Galatians Particularly Jewish Christians and that is important as we now move on to the following questions of the address seeds So the occasion then is clear New converts particularly connected to the synagogue so Jewish Christians They embrace the gospel and then something happens And that's something I believe is best summarized by saying That there were forces In and outside of the newly founded Christian churches that were judaizers Now I understand judaizers to be those who believe that Jesus is the Messiah But who do not believe that salvation is by grace alone? I repeat that again judaizers are those elements Responding to the gospel of Paul Who say that Jesus is the Messiah they believe that there is a God's work is being fulfilled in Jesus but they do not believe in the gospel of grace So it's a strange hybrid It's an inconsistent Teaching of holding on to finding and seeking righteousness on their own terms But adding faith in Messiah Jesus that God has sent him So there's an insufficient understanding of the significance of the death of Christ on their behalf Now these judaizers Appeared to go from synagogue to synagogue retracing the steps of Paul and telling these new Christians that they were misled by Paul That Paul actually Ridden denied the significance of the law to them that he was speaking against Moses and that you speak against Moses You're in serious trouble And so they were shaking these young Christians who had been taught by Paul that the sacrifice of Christ Was the only way they could get into a reconciled relationship with God and they were saying wait a minute Don't believe him. Don't believe what he says. He's leading you astray. You must keep the law You must continue in these ways and just confess that Jesus is Messiah That report of these judaizers comes back to Paul in Antioch and you can imagine based on his own conversion Based on what he has received from God himself How shaken he is on behalf of these new Christians who have just found freedom in Christ and were being re captivated Returned to the law of Moses I believe that's the occasion in the setting and the adversies are Young searching Christians who are vacillating between these two elements and Paul writes to them to encourage them To return to the gospel that he preached to them Note the beginning of Galatians Where Paul states that he has not received this gospel from human wisdom or from his own thinking It was by apocalipses by revelation and I believe when he says that he's referring back to Damascus When he had to learn himself that his Great achievements accounted to absolutely nothing they were actually opposed to the purposes of God That gospel he received from God It was his will. It was his revelation to him and he only passed that on How quick have you turned away from that gospel Galatians And we could shake our head and say it's amazing how how Superficial the Galatians were that they wouldn't get that and keep it And yet the history of the church is full of the question of Paul Why do you turn so quickly? Foolish solan zones So we do well to reflect on the situation and on the call of Paul as it now is developed in the Galatians Concerning the purpose the point number two it is very simple To call the Galatians away from judaizers back to the gospel of grace I'll repeat that again the purposes to call the Christians the the young Christians Away from the judaizers back to the gospel of grace But you see the judaizers had quite a strong effect on them because they were actually arguing with the word of God And it looked as if Paul was arguing against the word of God against the mosaic law. So it was a major undertaking Of Paul to communicate to These Galatian Christians of what was really at stake I don't want not want to complicate the situation But just so that you see the whole setting the question is Are the judaizers the only group that is in you here? Well the judaizers may be closely connected to phariseic judaism phariseic judaism of the time the mainline movement Among the Jews at the time of Jesus the time of Paul who did not believe in the sire so phariseic judaism would be a major movement that would have gone beyond Old Testament scripture and said this man must keep the law in order to be saved You see the argument in Galatians Can be understood to say that the law was never intended to be kept in order to be saved So that's an Old Testament question But we can say for sure within phariseic judaism there was a clear teaching That in order to have favor before God you must keep the law of laws And so that influenced these judaizers who believed in the sire But they were very strongly connected to this teaching that you must keep the law in order to be saved So what I'm opening up for you here is the question whether the intent Of the Old Testament of the law in the context of the Old Testament was every intended to be kept in order to be saved That's something we will come back to as we look at Galatians But we can say those around Paul those around Jesus The representatives of phariseic judaism did teach that You must keep the law in order to be acceptable before God Now you have phariseic judaism you have the judaizers then you have Peter And even Barnabas Now Peter Certainly confesses Jesus as Messiah He also knows that salvation is by grace alone that he vacillates a little bit Galatians to on the question of whether he should sit with unclean Gentiles when Jews from Jerusalem are there Perhaps judaizers So there's a little bit of the fuzziness in his conduct of living out by grace alone and sitting there with his chin up His shoulders broad When he sits with Gentiles at the table and when the judaiders come around and kind of despisingly look down on this Peter who is defiling himself by sitting with Gentiles So it's not a deeply theological problem with Peter But it's a problem of conduct of living out the gospel in action So I'm drawing this line for you here of moving slowly over into full gospel living phariseic judaism No believe in the Messiah yet judaizers some confession of Jesus but basically a by law You must be saved Peter and Barnabas particularly Peter a little fuzzy on conduct and then Paul Paul the one who is thinking through and acting through the gospel of grace into the line Now the Paul Portrait That Bruce draws for you and I want to warn you before you read the book But I'm also peeling to you to read it critically anyway The Paul that Bruce draws for you Is in some ways a Paul who is completely free from any instruction any obligation of pursuing the law of God And if you stay awake and I stay awake we will deal with this in the next lecture after a little break Because that's such a tender issue Yes, Paul definitely teaches that man must be saved by grace alone The question is is there any function any significance of the law still or is there none at all Bruce would say none at all I would say be careful Be careful that you do not become a lawless person or a legalistic person They're both great problems and we'll deal with that in the next hour At this point, we're just setting the stage So do you understand the spectrum here from Pharisee Judaism Those are the people and actually in the in the diaspora as well Those are the people that Saul or Paul encounters when he goes in the synagogue this kind of a mentality I think that's pretty safe to say the mentality was you must keep the law and you will be acceptable before God These people said you must keep the law and also believe in Messiah then you'll be acceptable to God These people said Or Peter at some stage It's really tough to live out the gospel sometimes So I'm going to go with the flow Paul said Saved by grace alone You are gentile regardless. We're going to have table fellowship We're going to live the gospel out together and describe and display the liberty that Christ has given us But also the fact that we're both sitting together as sinners at the table And having received of mercy as sinners So this is kind of summarizing the occasion setting The dressies and the purpose of Paul and writing to the Galatians to watch out for this And actually one of the main passages that we're looking at Immediately follows a criticism of Peter But it is more serious that Paul is actually arguing against the Judahisers And not only against Peter that is just one side issue So this is the main the main problem That Paul confronts when he writes the Galatians. Yes sir Okay, any Credibility to the notion that the Judahisers actually wanted to instrumentalize to use the gospel for the purpose of National Judaism that is certainly possible they were more Concerned about the keeping of the law than about the gospel So the gospel was in some ways the gospel of Jesus as Messiah was in some ways incorporated In the basic system that they still kept so that's possible It's hard to pin it down correctly and completely But I believe that this is a a clear group of people Uh That is kind of between the synagogue and the Christian church somewhere in between Perhaps part of the Christian church perhaps within the synagogue still in the saying hey, we've got to believe in the site So they are not clearly identified where they Uh, been long but that is the the the group that um all our use against yes Is there any information on them outside the scriptures There are Jewish Christian groups That are traceable in the end of the first and beginning of the second century that seemed to fit that description and they are losing um Life and influence in the second century The gospel to the Hebrews maybe one evidence of that group Very legalistic strongly legalistic, but still somewhat Christian group So there is some trace of that phenomenon within Palestine particularly not so much outside of Palestine And I'm talking here particularly about Asia Minor But it is quite clear that the judoizers had as their center Jerusalem and they moved out following Paul So there is that that sense uh at least spurred by Pharisee Judaism and still keeping that connection with the establishment Okay any other questions this is kind of setting the groundwork We're going to enter in in the next lecture then very quickly into the issue of how does Paul deal with the problem of the judoizers and what does he Put against their position. What does he present uh to help these young searching Christians to come loose from their grip and actually embrace the gospel of grace And please remember as we go into that our next section That keeping the law Especially as it is presented by Pharisee Judaism Is Man's effort to gain divine approval. I have looked far and wide To find indication as to how Pharisee Judaism describes sin And I was astonished in any area I looked Be it Comran be it the Essenes in general be it the Sadducees be it the Pharisees Even rabbinic judoism in the first and second century what you find is A chazelistic understanding of sin and that means he do something wrong Try it to make it right If you do something wrong you may need to go through the ritual of some Atonement or some forgiveness by sacrificing and then you'll be alright again There's very little if any Reflection that there's something Seriously wrong with the human condition That there is such a thing as original sin And that's very talented So the understanding in Pharisee Judaism and also among the judoizers is That man is basically a neutral being. I'm exaggerating a little bit And you can choose the road of truth or the road of falsehood You can choose the road of sinning or the road of pursuing godliness You always have these options and if you choose the wrong way do something to get it right So it's a tip for tap it's wrong step right step then you're neutral again wrong step right step two right steps you can afford one wrong step To see Saul understanding that is very very close to Islam You study Islam it's an incredible system of do's and don'ts and of balancing Your wrong deeds with good deeds and that's why you don't know whether you get to heaven because you may Are throw off the balance the last day of your life So it's good to have built up a little bit of credit in your bank so that you are always a little bit on the winning side But parasyc judoism is very much that chasemistic understanding of sin sinful deeds rather than sinfulness And so you see already the predisposition of the how the gospel needs to be brought to that situation and how these young Christians who are torn Have to be guided into what the true gospel is all about I Had the opportunity just in in Austria where I was to reflect on the severity of a human condition And it's it's a difficult part of preaching the gospel Some people just don't want to hear it It's too hard of a message to say that man is not just a little flawed and he makes some wrong decisions but that man is actually Seriously flawed and he's not capable of getting himself out At one point I had the group which was a mixture of American and International people but all of them understood English for the well I had them recite John 316 and they did say it for God so loved the world Well that he gave his only begotten son that Whoever believes in him will not perish But gain eternal life and I said to them I've not noticed That will not perish really says you are on the road of Parish that's already a given of John 316 and faith Coming out of that gets you out of that train that is bound for destruction So it's not that you're in a neutral ground You're saying I choose to believe in Jesus rather than not to believe in Jesus The problem is you're already a denier of God that's the train you're sitting That's the disposition you have You can fight against it you can say that's unfair you can say God didn't give me an option Yes, there's a lot of challenge therein but the truth of the gospel is you're on the road to destruction Unless God takes you out of that unless he gives you the gift of faith and you can believe in the salvation of Christ and be drawn out of shall not perish but have eternal life That is not seen in fair say Judaism that is not seen among the due to isres and I believe That only as you know Christ There is the severe understanding of the condition of man and that is part of Galatians You must understand the severity of the state of human of the human condition otherwise you will also yourself believe that you can make at least some contribution to Godliness in the life before God and that that head will raise itself inside of you as sure as I stand here because I do it And why should you get away with I think that's a human condition. It's a human situation to say but Yes, yeah, it's very hard your question is what did the Judaism is concretely believe concerning Jesus? It's hard to pin down Because we are just implying this group by what Paul says He says watch out don't buy into that come away from that do not return to this so we are Putting the mosaic together by what Paul says His goal is always very clear But who he argues against is not always sharply described and I think that has a purpose too in in leading to the answer And not describing the question all in all details, but I would say You're suggesting just intellectual I would say that is true There's not a reflection of the total work of Jesus more that he is the awaited Messiah And that he has some purpose of God Definitely not coming to the point that he died on behalf of the judisers That that point has not been reached So I can't be precise in my answer to your question, but something very elementary has not been reached among the judisers. Yes Well, I'm not saying that Bruce says that the law has no function in the plan of salvation The question I have and I will get back to that as we look at the use of the law in Galatians in the next section Is that I believe Bruce says that there is no continuing significance of the law in the Christians life that will come to that Well, what kind of question would I say in the exam? Um, I don't know yet what I will be writing, but um, I'm just sensitizing you to the the difference there But I think in the next section that we'll look at it will become a little more clear where I differ With Bruce and you're very clever. You're just great Well, no continuing function in the life of the Christian But we we need to get there first Good Bruce has a lot to teach us that we have to be careful on that point. Yes Okay, now that's a very good question. Did the judisers respond so strongly against Paul because they already noticed in the early Christians A tendency towards license that is possible I don't think that we can make a strong case for that but we know from other letters of Paul That some Christians said save by grace through faith alone See you later. I'm going to have a good time so Taking the liberty Let me send more so that grace may about complete misunderstanding of the gospel that may be there That may be may give some food at least and some fuel to the judisers to say see the fruit of Paul's teaching is that people please themselves And so that's why I believe we need to look carefully at what Paul teaches the Galatians with that So I'm very glad you're bringing that in that may be at the horizon of the whole situation this libertarian Let's take a free ride Antenomianism if we want to use the official term lawlessness. Yes Okay Okay, very good question. I'm coming to that in the next section What does Paul really mean when he says law what he is referring to we're going to come to that it's good that you're addressing that yes Adressees simply is the question of who are those who receive the letter to the Galatians and they are young Christians Who have received the gospel in Paul's and Barnabasus first missionary journey Young churches and they are Influence by these people So the adversies would be Christians young Christians who are giving one ear to Paul and another ear to the judisers And they are they are confused in fact some of them are saying I think we need to listen to the judisers I don't think Paul gave us the gospel I would say that most of them are Jews but we do not have to think that all of them are Jews and if we think about the Libertarian tendencies and taking a free ride there may be some gentle elements there as well But the main focus of Galatians is to speak to converted Jews Jewish Christians the the critical note Of Paul against Peter and Barnabas. There's no response to that We get a friendly response of Peter in second Peter where Peter says listen to the Paul The letters of Paul they are Grafé they are scripture and people twisted which they do also with other scripture So there's a there's a praise there We do not have any response and I think we should Assume from the book of Acts and from the further development of Peter That he actually saw that Paul was right and that this distance here Should be drawn more sharply so that Peter actually needs to move over here Away from these elements that may indicate some fuzzy understanding of the law which was the truth here So yes, there's a criticism I believe Barnabas certainly and Peter took it and saw that there was a deficiency in there in their conduct